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The Founding of APS:
A New Voice for Psychological Science
The Association for Psychological Science (APS) was founded by a group of basic and applied science-oriented psychologists who had attempted repeatedly but unsuccessfully to assert greater influence within the American Psychological Association (APA). Founded in 1892, the APA sought to promote the discipline of psychology as a science. As private practitioners gained presence and power within the organization, their science-oriented counterparts grew disaffected. Beginning in the 1970s, numerous committees deliberated the organization’s structure and made recommendations in an effort to appease the various constituencies within the heterogeneous and ever-expanding association. The Assembly for Scientific and Applied Psychologists (ASAP) was formed in 1987 to support APA reorganization. In early 1988, after rejecting a series of proposals, the APA Council approved a reorganization plan that was in turn rejected by the membership. In August, 1988, ASAP became APS. APS’s early years were shaped by challenges and successes that would lay the groundwork for APS to become a prominent organization in the promotion of scientific psychology.

Worcester State Hospital
A landmark institution in clinical psychology's history
Worcester State Hospital (WSH) represents a landmark institution in the history of clinical psychology and in the history of the state hospital system. This symposium will provide a unique window into WSH, with emphasis on the tenure of David Shakow as Chief Psychologist and Director of Psychological Research (1928 – 1946). WSH was a fertile environment that produced a ground-breaking research program, an exceptional staff, and one of the first internship programs in clinical psychology. Moreover, WSH had a significant impact on the field at large. The symposium will first establish the importance of WSH as an institution in the history of treatment and of the state hospital system; we will then explore the internship program and its impact in some depth; and Dr. Alex Shakow, son of David Shakow, will provide unique insight about the experience of the families of staff who lived on the hospital grounds. Dr. Jeffrey Geller of the University of Massachusetts Medical School will speak on the historical significance of WSH as an institution in the context of the phenomenon of state hospitals in general. Dr. Robin L. Cautin of Manhattanville College will present a talk that deals with the Internship Training Program at WSH under the directorship of Shakow, and how it served as a model for other institutions and greatly informed national debate on the issues of training in clinical psychology. Dr. Alex Shakow will speak about his family's experience of living on the grounds of the hospital during this period.

David Who?
Shakow’s Underappreciated Significance For Clinical Psychology
An informal survey of clinical psychologists shows that most do not recognize the name David Shakow (1901 – 1981). At the same time, many are quite familiar with his legacy — in particular the Boulder Model, and the idea of the clinical psychologist as scientist/practitioner. His seeming obscurity is all the more remarkable given that Shakow was one of only two people ever to win both the American Psychological Association’s (APA) Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award (1975) and its Distinguished Professional Contribution Award (1976). In this presentation I will take up the question of David Shakow’s relative obscurity and describe his contributions on a number of fronts, many of which continue to influence the nature and course of clinical psychology.

David Shakow and Schizophrenia Research at Worcester State Hospital:
The Roots of the Scientist-Practitioner Model
David Shakow’s groundbreaking work on the nature of schizophrenia can be traced to his tenure at Worcester State Hospital (1928-1946). This research, which ultimately culminated in his Segmental Set Theory, pioneered new standards of scientific rigor and sophistication in the field. Through this work, Shakow developed the major tenets of the Boulder model and his views on what it means to be a clinical psychologist.